Quote:
Originally Posted by TsVanessa69
Where are statictics for the United States?
This is America not Brazil. We all reqalize the HIV rate is much higher in Brazil, but why cause panic and post the worst case senerio on her to make us look bad. How many girls on HA are from Brazil? How many guys on HA go to Brazil and use escorts? How dare you try to make us look bad by posting statistics that have NOTHING to do with TS in say NYC, or Chicago.
Look, I don't want to cause panic or to make anyone look bad. I posted data concerning brazilian tgirls because some men that visit the forum do travel to Brazil or Europe (in some european countries, e.g. Italy, brazilian transsexual escorts are a majority) and meet tgirls. I just wanted to help, since we all know that many guys still insist on unprotected sex.
Anyway, below is an article reporting the results of a survey done
in the USA (Los Angeles County).
Pubmed Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...ubmed_RVDocSum
Full Text:
AIDS
HIV prevalence and incidence among male-to-female transsexuals receiving HIV
prevention services in Los Angeles County
ISSN: 0269-9370Accession: 00002030-200012220-00024
Author(s):
Simon, Paul A.ab; Reback, Cathy J.c; Bemis, Cathleen C.b
Issue: Volume 14 ( 18 ) , 22 December 2000, pp 2953-2955
Publication Type:[Research Letters]
Publisher:(C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
Institution(s):aLos Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles,
CA, USA; bHealth Research Association, Los Angeles County/University of Southern
California Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; and cVan Ness Recovery House,
Hollywood, California, USA.
Sponsorship: This study was supported by the University of California Universitywide
AIDS Research Program, grant no. PC97-LAC-012L, and the California State Office
of AIDS.
Received: 23 June 2000;
revised: 31 August 2000; accepted: 11 September 2000.
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Outline
References
Graphics
Table 1
Few published data are available on the prevalence of HIV infection among
transsexual individuals and, to our knowledge, no data are available on the
incidence of infection in this population. Moreover, most studies examining HIV
seroprevalence have focused exclusively on male-to-female (MtF) transsexuals who
engage in sex work [1,2]. We report the results of a study that assessed HIV
seroprevalence and seroincidence among MtF transsexuals receiving HIV prevention
services in Los Angeles County, USA.
From February 1998 to January 1999, 244 individuals who were 18 years or older,
resided in Los Angeles County, and identified as MtF transsexual or as a woman
who was born male were enrolled in the study. Biological men who dressed as
women but identified as men (e.g. transvestites) were not included. Participants
were recruited at three community agencies and in outreach settings where staff
from the agencies were delivering HIV prevention services. These services ranged
from brief one-time encounters to structured prevention interventions involving
multiple contacts. Each participant received a baseline interview and an oral
fluid-based HIV antibody test. A follow-up interview and HIV antibody test were
scheduled for 6 months after the initial interview. Interviews were conducted in
English, Spanish, and Tagalog.
The racial/ethnic mix of the study group was 49% Latino, 20% Asian/Pacific
Islander, 15% white, 7% black, and 8% multi-racial or other (Table 1). The
median age was 29 years (range 18-61 years). Approximately one half reported
less than 12 years of education (47%) and an annual income of less than US$12
000 (50%). Nine per cent reported homelessness in the past 6 months. Fifty-eight
per cent reported having ever been incarcerated and 50% reported sex work as a
main source of income.
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Table 1. HIV seroprevalence by sociodemographic characteristic among
male-to-female transsexuals. aTwo respondents with missing income information
were excluded.
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More than half (56%) identified their gender as female or woman, and most (77%)
reported their sexual orientation as heterosexual. Eighty-five per cent reported
sexual contact with a man in the past 6 months. Thirty per cent had previously
undergone surgery to enhance their gender presentation, most commonly breast
augmentation (21%), but only 3% had undergone genital surgery for sex reassignment.
More than half (64%) reported no health insurance coverage and 32% no regular
source of health care.
HIV seroprevalence at baseline was 22% (Table 1). Seroprevalence was higher
among those aged 30-39 years (40%), those with annual incomes less than US$12
000 (31%), and those with less than 12 years of education (29%).
Seroprevalence
was 26% among those who reported sex work as a main source of income and 18%
among all others (P = 0.11). Although a substantial variation in seroprevalence
was also observed by race/ethnicity, these results may have been influenced by
differences in recruitment strategies at the three agencies. For example,
recruitment at the agency serving a largely Hispanic clientele occurred
primarily in outreach settings, where those believed to be at highest HIV risk
were receiving prevention services.
Follow-up information was obtained on 219 (90%) individuals. The analysis of HIV
seroincidence was restricted to those in this group who were HIV-seronegative at
baseline (n = 171). Follow-up intervals for these individuals ranged from 5 to
17 months (mean 8 months), producing a total of 117.0 years of person-time
follow-up. Four seroconversions were identified in the group, an incidence rate
of 3.4 infections per 100 person-years.
The prevalence of HIV infection observed in this group of MtF transsexuals is
among the highest seen in any group in Los Angeles County over the past two
decades, and is comparable to prevalence rates measured among high-risk gay and
bisexual men (e.g. those receiving services in public sexually transmitted
disease clinics; Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, unpublished
data). The observed seroincidence is comparable to rates measured among gay and
bisexual men in the mid- to late-1980s [3], and highlights the urgent need for
more effective transsexual-specific HIV prevention strategies.
Our findings should not be generalized to other MtF transsexual populations,
particularly those more affluent and assimilated. In addition, the results may
not be representative of transsexual individuals not receiving prevention
services who live in or frequent the neighborhoods served by the three
participating agencies. The high seroprevalence among African-Americans (44%)
should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size (n = 18 ). This
finding, however, is consistent with a recent study in San Francisco [4], which
found a seroprevalence of 63% in African-American MtF transsexuals, more than
double the rate found in the other racial/ethnic groups studied.
Paul A. Simonab
Cathy J. Rebackc
Cathleen C. Bemisb
References
1. Modan B, Goldschmidt R, Rubinstein E. et al. Prevalence of HIV antibodies in
transsexual and female prostitutes. Am J Public Health 1992, 82: 590 -592.
Bibliographic Links
2. Elifson KW, Boles J, Posey E, Sweat M, Darrow W, Elsea W. Male transvestite
prostitutes and HIV risk. Am J Public Health 1993, 83: 260 -262. Bibliographic
Links
3. Kingsley LA, Zhou SYJ, Bacellar H. et al. Temporal trends in human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 seroconversion 1984-1989: a report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort
Study (MACS). Am J Epidemiol 1991, 134: 331 -339. Bibliographic Links
4. Clements K, Marx R, Guzman, Ikeda S, Katz M. Prevalence of HIV infection in
transgendered individuals in San Francisco.XIIth International Conference on
AIDS. Geneva, June 1998 [Abstract no. 23536].
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