Hara_Juku Tgirl
03-12-2006, 11:02 PM
Transgender History:
Bible and ancient times.
Galli (an ancient name for the eunuch in Asia Minor) were the followers of Cybele in Phrygia. It was believed that a 'madness' occurred when the waters of the river Gallus were drunk the result of which caused individuals to castrate themselves.
Galli was the Roman name for castrated followers of the Phrygian goddess Cybele, which can be regarded as transgendered in today's terms. The chief of these priests was referred to as the archigallus.
203 BC
The first Galli arrived in Rome when the Senate officially adopted Cybele as a state goddess in 203 BC. Until the first century AD, Roman citizens were prohibited from becoming Galli. Under Claudius, however, this ban was lifted.
204-222 The Roman Emperor Elagabalus.
1377
Bethlem was used for lunatics from 1377.
1421
The Chinese eunuch admiral Zheng Discovered America, Australia and navigates the rest of the World the map was obtained by the Portuguese from the Chinese!
1518
In 1518 King Henry 8th, on the advice of his court physician, founded the Royal College of Physicians (London) to control who practiced as a physician in London and so protect the public from quacks.
1547 3 January: A charter to the City of London made it
responsible for Bethlem.
1655
Meric Causaubon's Treatise concerning enthusiasme, as it is an effect of nature, but is mistaken for either divine inspiration or diabolical possession.
1666
2.9.1666 to 6.9.1666 Great Fire of London.
After the Great Fire, Robert Hooke was appointed city surveyor and designed the new Bethlem (Bethlehem Hospital) in Moorfields
1670 In England the earliest records of private madhouses on a regular basis are from 1670 onwards
1673
French explorers Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette come into contact with the Illini Indians in 1673, and are astonished to discover a subset of Illini men who dressed and acted out the social role of women. The Illini termed these men “Ikoneta” while the French referred to them as the “berdache.”
1750
Female to male transvestites join Nelson's Navy as did hundreds of others and were only discovered when they were flogged. They were never punished when they were discovered and often went on stage and became celebrities wowing audiences backed by an all singing and all dancing group of crossed dressed transvestite tars. Mary Lacy known as William Chandler who served on the Sandwich as a carpenter is one of the most famous as 'she' wrote a biography others include William Brown who served on the Queen Charlotte until being outed by a newspaper in 1815, and Alice Snell AKA James Gray served as a navy marine until 1750.
1774
The 1774 Madhouses Act established a commission of the Royal College of Physicians to license and visit private madhouses in the London area.
The commission could not release a patient improperly confined. This was the traditional role of the High Courts at Westminster, for whose benefit the registers were principally kept. The Westminster courts could also order special visits and reports, and examine those engaged in the execution of the Act.
1777
Beaumont (Eon of)
Éon de Beaumont, Charles-Geneviève-Louis-Auguste-André-Timothée
The most famous transvestite of the eighteenth century, French diplomat Chevalier Éon de Beaumont lived the first half of his life as a man and the second as a woman. Charles de Beaumont, Knight of Eon, 1728-1810. As a secret French agent, went to Russia one has secret mission for Louis XV, and was lady companion to the Empress Elisabeth. He fought in the Seven Years war, and was later secretary to the French ambassador to London. On his return to France (1777) Eon was ordered to dress
permanently as a woman, which He did until his death.
1828 The 1828 Madhouses Act established.
1832 The 1832 Madhouses Act established.
1840s
Asylum Care
In the hungry-forties of the 19th century it was believed that by moving mentally unstable people from a community disturbed by poverty, depravity and social unrest to a closed, humane, but disciplined environment in a lunatic asylum early in the development of their insanity they could be cured and the accumulation of chronic lunatics on poor relief halted.
1841
1841 February: The London Statistical Society announced that it intended to collect lunatic asylum statistics during the year 1842
The 1842 Licensed Lunatic Asylums Bill proposed a Barristers' Commission as it was thought that county licensing and visiting was defective, it was proposed that the two legal commissioners should visit and report on county houses supplementary to the county visitors. The House of Commons rejected this proposal and an amended bill became the Inquiry Act.
1845
The 1845 County Asylums Act compelled every county and borough in England and Wales to provide asylum treatment for all its pauper lunatics and Lord Ashley told Parliament that this would "effect a cure in seventy cases out of every hundred" (Hansard 6.6.1845 column 193).
The 1845 Lunacy Act established the Lunacy Commission:The Act named eleven Metropolitan Commissioners as Lunacy Commissioners. Six (three medical and three legal) were to be employed full time at salaries of 1,500 pounds a year. The Lunacy Commission had national authority, under the Lord Chancellor and Home Secretary, over all asylums (except Bedlam until 1853). It shared responsibility with the poor Law Commission/Board etc for pauper lunatics outside asylums. Its principle functions were to monitor the erection of a network of publicly owned county asylums, required under the 1845 County Asylums Act, and the transfer of all pauper lunatics from workhouses and outdoor relief to a public or private asylum; to regulate their treatment in private asylums, and (with the Poor Law Commission) monitor the treatment of any remaining in workhouses or on outdoor relief. The Lunacy Commission was also to monitor the regulation of county asylums and county licensed houses by JPs, and to regulate the conduct of hospitals for the insane. With the JPs it monitored the admission and discharge of patients from all types of asylum. It collected, collated and analysed data on the treatment of lunacy and advised on the development of lunacy law and policy. It also continued to license London's madhouses.
1871
1871 October: St Lawrence's opened as one of two 1,500 bed custodial asylums designed to relieve London's other asylums and workhouses of incurable lunatics at the least possible expense.
1879 An 'asylum for idiots' was established at Park House, Highgate which later became known as Earlswood Asylum.
1886 The Idiots Act 1886
1896 The National Association for the Care of the Feeble-Minded was founded.
By the end of the 19th century the failure of asylum therapy had convinced people that insanity is incurable. The insane were sent to even larger asylums for custody, to be protected from exploitation whilst society was protected from them.
During the Victorian period cross-dressing is featured in various publications and transvestites become affectionately known as 'tight-lacers'.
1897
Henry Havelock Ellis of the Fabian Society, a supporter of sexual liberation. His interests in human biology and his own personal experiences, led Havelock Ellis to write his six volume Studies in the Psychology of Sex. The books, published between 1897 and 1910 caused tremendous controversy and were banned for several years. Other books written by Havelock Ellis included The New Spirit (1890), Man and Woman (1894) Sexual Inversion (1897) and The Erotic Rights of Women (1918). Henry Havelock Ellis died in 1939. His autobiography, My Life was published posthumously in 1940.
1897
Magnus Hirschfeld starts the mostly homosexual Scientific Humanitarian Committee in Germany.
1899
In Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch Fur Studerende und Aertze, 6th edition, Emil Kraeplin, a Munich professor of psychiatry classifies major psychoses into two groups: dementia praecox (paranoia) and manic-depressive psychosis.
1900
Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams revolutionizes psychiatric theory and practice. He is the first to use the unconscious to treat psychiatric illness in patients by using 'psychoanalysis' - free association and interpretation of dreams.
1900-1905
Turn of the Century Film Makers Mitchell and Kenyon record a cross-dressing Carnival in Crewe (Nr. Liverpool) in the North of England.
1905
Sigmund Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality describes the stages of sexual development and explains the effects of infantile sexuality on sexual dysfunction.
1907 Magnus Hirschfeld is introduced to Harry Benjamin.
1908
Clifford Beers publishes A Mind That Found Itself, detailing his experiences as a patient in psychiatric hospitals. This work prompts the founding of the mental hygiene movement in the United States.
1913
The 1913 Mental Deficiency Act established The Board of Control. This was the old Lunacy Commission with extended functions with respect to mental deficiency. The Board of Control continued to regulate the mental health system until 1959, but with reduced responsibilities after the National Health Service Act.
Four "classes" of Mental Deficiency were defined:
a. Idiot ~ unable to protect themselves from common dangers.
b. Imbecile ~ could protect themselves from common dangers, but unable to take care of themselves.
c. Feeble-Minded ~ required care to protect themselves.
d. Moral Defectives ~ criminal or vicious personalities. Unmarried Mothers, homosexuals and transgender people also became absorbed into this category!
The Board of Control was established who took on the powers and responsibilities of the Lunacy Commissioners.
1914
First World War (1914-1918)
Transvestites were being regularly shot charged as spies or cowards.
1917 The Austrian psychiatrist Julius von Wagner-Jauregg becomes the first psychiatrist to win the Nobel prize (1927).
Alfred Adler establishes the school of individual psychology and becomes the first psychoanalyst to challenge Freud. He coins the terms 'lifestyle' and 'inferiority complex' in his book, Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensations.
1919
Magnus Hirschfeld , becomes one of sexology's founding fathers when he opened the world's first sexological institute, the Institute for Sexual Science in Berlin - which is later closed by the Nazis.
1920
The Menninger Clinic (for mental health patients) is founded in Topeka, Kansas. (Named after William Menninger who pioneered effective treatments for psychiatric casualties in World War II, and Karl Menninger who applied psychoanalytic concepts to American psychiatry.)
Homosexuality and Its Treatment the story of “H”, Dr. Alan Hart’s 1917 Transman is published by Jonathan Gilbert.
1920s
In the period between the two world wars, Freudian theory shed a faint glow of hope on the outskirts of the custodial asylum.
From shortly after the first world war moves were made:away from in-patient treatment towards outpatient treatment, towards treatment without certification towards treatment near to patients' homes.
But these moves only touched the edge of the mental health system.
1927
The Mental Deficiency Act 1927
Local Authorities were given responsibility for providing occupation and training for those with Mental Deficiency.
Mental Deficiency was defined as "a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind existing before the age of 18 years whether arising from 'inherent causes' or induced by disease or injury."
1930
Encyclopeadia of Sexual Knowledge by Norman Haire (1930) Published, addresses transvestism in detail.
It also illustrates the First 'Sex-change' procedures.
1932 Magnus Hirschfeld lectures in the United States.
1932 Man Into Woman, the story of Lili Elbe’s life, MTF transition, and Sex Reassignment Surgery is published.
1933
The Second World War (1939-1945)
Eugenics
Nazis abuse, murder and sterilise transgender people. The Institute for Sexology is raided, shut down, and its records destroyed by the Nazis in 1933 . Physicians and researchers involved in the clinic flee Germany. Some, unable to escape, commit suicide in the coming years.
1935 Magnus Hirschfeld dies in exile in France after The Institute for Sexual Science was destroyed by Nazis in 1933.
Aversion Therapy is first used to eliminate homosexuality and later is used on transgender people.
1937
Karen Horney, a German-born psychiatrist challenges Freud's theory of the castration complex in women and his theory that Oedipal complex and female sexuality influences neurosis. In The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, she argues that neurosis largely is determined by the society in which one lives.
1938
Electroshock is first used by Ugo Cerletti to produce convulsions that he thought would alleviate schizophrenic and manic-depressive psychosis; it was later found to be more effective in the latter illness and is still in use today. Commonly used on transgender people!
1939
World War II begins and Hitler decrees that patients with incurable medical illnesses be killed because they are 'biologically unfit.' Approximately 270,000 patients with mental illness are killed by physicians and medical personnel complying with the Nazi doctrine of racial purity.
1941 Premarin, conjugated estrogens is extracted from pregnant mares is sold in Canada. Followed by the US.
1945
In 1945, Sir Harold Gillies and his colleague Ralph Millard carry out the world's first sex change of a woman into a man on the young aristocrat, Michael Dillon. Sir Harold Gillies, internationally renowned as the father of modern plastic surgery, played a pioneering wartime role in Britain developing pedicle flap surgery. Gillies later performed surgery on the United Kingdom's first male-to-female transsexual - Roberta Cowell.
1946
Congress passes the National Mental Health Act which, for the first time in US history, provides generous funding for psychiatric education and research. This act leads to the creation in 1949 of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
Also in 1946, Anna Freud, the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud, publishes The Psychoanalytic Treatment of Children, which introduces basic concepts in the theory and practice of child psychoanalysis.
*The therapeutic asylums planned in the 1840s failed monumentally, the monuments being a network of large asylums full of long-stay patients with little or no hope of rehabilitation. In post war Britain the National Health Service inherited these asylum which still stood in open countryside outside the towns, or had been engrossed by the expanding suburbs. Transgender people were considered insane and housed in them.
The 1946 National Health Service Act stripped the Board of Control of nearly all its functions except those of providing an inspectorate of mental hospitals (particularly with respect to compulsory detention).
1947 25 November: Foundation of National Association for Mental Health.
1948 National Health Service Act came into operation.
The National Health Service took over from county councils and boroughs the major responsibility for mental health. The reforms of the 1920s and 1930s had only touched the edge of the mental health system. The main inheritance of the NHS was a system of over 100 asylums, or "mental hospitals", with an average population of over 1,000 patients in each.
The integration of the mental hospitals into the NHS was possibly the most decisive factor leading to a general move away from institutional policies in the 1950s. See 1959.
1949 Harry Benjamin treat transsexuals in the US with hormones.
1950
In Childhood and Society, Erik Erikson restates Freud's concepts of infantile sexuality and develops the concepts of 'adult identity,' and 'identity crisis.'
1951 May 15th, Robert Cowell became Roberta Cowell the United Kingdom's first full surgically altered transsexual.
1952 Christine Jorgensen becomes an American transsexual media sensation.
The French psychiatrists Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker report that chlorpromazine (Thorazine ®) calms hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients without causing clinically significant depression. The drug is called 'hibernotherapie' because patients became quiet, like animals in hibernation.
1953 "Mental Millions"
BF Skinner publishes Science and Human Behavior, describing his theory of operant conditioning, an important concept in the development of behavior therapy.
1954
Royal Commission on the Mental Health Laws (1954 to 1957 ), under Lord Percy, appointed.
Peak of numbers resident (falling since)
1957
The first effective pharmacologic treatment for depression is reported with the work of Kuhn on the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and of Loomer, Saunders and Kline on the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor iproniazid.
May 1957: Royal Commission on the Mental Health Laws reported. The key themes of the Percy Report were:
That 'mental disorder' should be regarded "in much the same way as physical illness and disability" (paragraph 5)
That hospitals for mental illness should be run as nearly as possible like those for physical disorders. See 1959.
1959
By 1959 only 12% of admissions to mental illness hospitals were compulsory, and the trend was towards shorter periods of in-patient treatment and towards outpatient treatment. Whilst in 1930 there had been practically no outpatients, by 1959 there were 144,000 attendances at outpatient clinics. ( Maclay, W.S. 1961, p.98)
The 1959 Mental Health Act.
Two years after the Percy Report, the 1959 Mental health Act sought to create a legal framework within which the hospital treatment of mental disorder could approximate as closely as possible to that of physical illness.
Its two main objectives were:
To allow admissions for psychiatric reasons to be, wherever possible, as informal as those for physical reasons.
To make councils responsible for the social care of people who did not need in-patient medical treatment.
The 1959 Mental Health Act abolished the Board of Control.
1960'S
In the 1960s despite the hostility to cross dressing within mental health services, every week in the UK's booming holiday camps topsy turvy nights encouraged men and women to dress in each others clothes at least once during their stay.
1960
Scientists at the American pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-LaRoche develop the benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide (Librium ®) (1960) and diazepam (Valium ®) (1963), which becomes widely prescribed for patients with nonpsychotic anxiety.
Also in 1963, Action for Mental Health recommends that the care of the mentally ill be moved from large mental hospitals to community mental health clinics. That same year, 'deinstitutionalization' is mandated by the Community Mental Health Centers Act.
March 1961: Enoch Powell's Water Tower Speech:
The full scope of the community care policy for the mentally ill adopted in the 1960s was revealed in 1966 when the Minister of Health, Enoch Powell, opened a conference of the National Association for Mental Health with a speech on how his forthcoming Hospital Plan would affect psychiatric services.
The Percy Report contrasted community care with hospital care. Phrases like in the community have generally been used to mean outside hospital. However, from the Water Tower speech until the 1980s, community care policy was to have as its central feature, the transfer of hospital treatment from isolated mental hospitals to local hospitals. The two main features of the policy were:
That hospital treatment should be in Psychiatric Units in District General Hospitals.
That as much care and treatment as possible should be provided outside hospital.
1962 Michael Dillon dies (1915-1962).
The Hospital Plan.
1966 Beaumont Society Founded.[/b]
1966 Harry Benjamin publishes The Transsexual Phenomenon..
1968 The International Olympic Committee tests chromosomes of athletes, and puts a stop to transsexuals competing.
Universities operate on non-intersexed transsexuals.
1969 Stonewall riots.
The UK Hospital Scandals (1967-1969).
November 1969 Establishment of 'Hospital Advisory Service'.
1970
February, 1970. Corbett v. Corbett (otherwise Ashley). The judgment by Justice Ormrod sets the precedent that will leave UK post-op transsexual people unable to marry until the 21st Century - In September 1963 the parties went through a ceremony of marriage. April Corbett's (neéAshley) marriage is annulled and declared to be legally still a man despite sex reassignment.
The Food and Drug Administration approves lithium to treat patients with manic-depressive illness. The Australian psychiatrist John Cade had shown 20 years earlier (1949) that lithium quieted manic patients, and Mogens Schou in Denmark had confirmed Cade's findings in a double-blind study in 1954.
1970
William Masters and Virginia Johnson's work revolutionizes knowledge and attitudes about sex. They revise Freud's theories of orgasm, report on sexual relationships in geriatrics, and find counseling helps most people with sexual dysfunctions. Sex therapy as a psychiatric specialty follows.
1971
December: Hospital Services for the Mentally Ill.
This stated that the development of psychiatric methods, and increase in psychiatric units, had brought things to a point where it was thought possible: "to accelerate developments ... towards the eventual replacement of the large separate mental hospitals by a service based on general hospitals".
1972 October: Services for Mental Illness Related to Old Age
Patients begin to challenge.
SUMP (Scottish Union of Mental Patients) formed by Tommy Ritchie and Robin Farqhuarson. This was the first union of psychiatric patients in the United Kingdom that I know of.
December: A group of people in the London area produced a pamphlet on The Need for a Mental Patient's Union arguing that "psychiatry is one of the most subtle methods of repression in advanced Capitalist society". This was circulated to psychiatric hospitals and various places where ex-patients were likely to congregate, together with notices of a meeting to be held during March 1973 to discuss the formation of a union.
1973 Political pressure from the National Gay Task Force, the American Psychiatric Association changes the diagnosis of homosexuality from a disease to a 'condition'.
The NHS cuts
Wednesday 21.3.1973
150 people attended a meeting at Paddington Day Hospital to discuss forming a Mental Patient's Union (MPU). Over 100 were patients or ex-patients, some coming from as far afield as Scotland. A working party of some two dozen full members was formed and not long after set up office in a London squat. This nucleus was given the task of producing a statement of the union's intent and drafting a proposed organisational framework for MPU.
1974 February: Labour Government.
Jan Morris publishes Conundrum.
1976 Tennis Ace Reneé Richards is ‘outed’ and barred from competition when she attempts to enter a women's’ tennis tournament. Her subsequent legal battle establishes that transsexuals are legally, accepted in their new identity after reassignment, in the US.
1979 Thatcher Government.
1979
A series of programs entitled 'A Change of Sex' are aired on the BBC - viewers could for the first time follow pre-op transsexual Julia Grant through her transition. It also highlighted the arrogance at that time of psychiatrists based at the Gender Identity Clinic, Charing Cross Hospital, London.
July: NHS Commission on the National Health Service report.
December: Patients first.
1980 October: MIND Conference.
Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association to promote standards of care founded.
1981 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV virus begins.
1987 Harry Benjamin dies (1885-1987)
1987
The serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine (Prozac ®), paroxetine (Paxil ®), and sertraline (Zoloft ®) are developed by several American pharmaceutical companies to treat patients with depression.
1989 Christine Jorgensen dies (1927 – 1989).
1990 The NHS and Community Care Act 1990.
1991
Transvestite comedian Eddie Izzard receives a nomination for the Prestigious Perrier Comedy Award at the Edinburgh Festival.
Gender Trust is Founded.
1992 Press For Change is founded on the 27th February in a London Coffee House.
1996 Shemale Yum.com is the first website to shoot transsexuals specifically for release on the internet. Consequently became the largest TS site online and give birth to sister sites. Many current TS porn stars had first break on Shemale Yum and many sites tried to emulate. Give encouragement to 100's of TG's to come out of the closet.
1998
Julie Hesmondhalgh Joins the Coronation St (Britain's longest running television soap) as transsexual character Hayley Patterson. Transgender Zone were the First to run her interview in the TG press!
Dana International becomes the first transsexual woman to win the Eurovision Song Contest singing a song called 'Diva'.
1998 Seanchai was first weeble to go to Thailand to shoot Asian ladyboys for the internet. The information given gave many men inspiration to meet ladyboys and consequently many Asians came back to Europe. Spawned a plethora of other websites althought obviously none meet the qualities or size of the original ladyboy-ladyboy.com
1999
1999 Black-Tgirls.com first website to feature only black transsexuals and ensured many black shemales across the US got showcased.
1999 - first website to shoot Brazilian-Transsexuals specifically for the internet adding to Joey Silvera's video legacy. Brazilian-Transsexuals.com still the first place men go to for the hottest Brazilian shemales and information where to meet them.
Brain material provided by the Netherlands Brain Bank demonstrates transsexualism is a medical condition and not a 'state-of-mind'. The present findings of somatostatin neuronal sex differences in the BSTc and its sex reversal in the transsexual brain clearly support the paradigm that in transsexuals sexual differentiation of the brain and genitals may go into opposite directions and point to a neurobiological basis of gender identity disorder.
Texas, USA - Littleton vs. Prang, Christine Littleton, a post-op MTF transsexual loses her negligence case against the doctor who allowed her husband to die, defence lawyers argue that she was never married to her late husband since her Texas birth certificate, though now amended to read female, originally read male. Post-Op US transsexual legal status is a legal limbo.
The UK Sex Discrimination Act is amended to include protections on the basis of Gender Reassignment. Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999.
http://www.hmso.gov.uk/ Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 1102
2002
In a judgment delivered at Strasbourg on 11 July 2002 in the case of Christine Goodwin v. the United Kingdom (application no. 28957/95), the European Court of Human Rights held unanimously that:
there had been a violation of Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life) of the European Convention on Human Rights; there had been a violation of Article 12 (right to marry and to found a family); no separate issue had arisen under Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination);
there had been no violation of Article 13 (right to an effective remedy).
The Court held, unanimously, that the finding of violation constituted in itself sufficient just satisfaction for the non-pecuniary damage sustained by the applicant and awarded the applicant 39,000 euros for costs and expenses.
This led the way for the later Gender Recognition Act Act to become UK law.
The Full Legal Judgement is available here: http://www.echr.coe.int/
2003
The Draft [Gender Recognition] Bill is the Government's response to decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the House of Lords holding that aspects of English legislation violate rights under ECHR Article 8 (respect for private life) and Article 12 (right to marry) so far as it refuses to give legal recognition to a transsexual person's reassigned gender.
On Dec 7th 2003 British transvestite potter Grayson Perry, 43 scooped the controversial Turner prize, and collected £20,000 at a ceremony at Tate Britain in London, dressed as alter ego Claire.
2004
The United Kingdom Gender Recognition Act becomes law on the 10th February. Offering transgender people full legal recognition of change of gender.
LAUSANNE, Switzerland - Transsexuals will be able to compete at the Athens Olympics if they have had appropriate surgery and are legally recognized as members of their new sex the International Olympic Committee decides.
On Friday the 6th August Portuguese post-operative transsexual Nadia Almada aged 27 of Surrey won the United Kingdom reality Game show Big Brother 5 and took away prize money of £63,500 pounds and the hearts of the nation.
2005
September 6 - 2005 Mercury Music Prize New York-based but English born frontman Antony Hegarty was declared winner at the ceremony at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London with their album 'I am a Bird now'."To what degree does Antony himself feel female, or at least latently, potentially so? "Do I feel female? Y'know, I feel like a mixture. I feel pretty mixed. I probably would identify as transgender." (Quote from NME).
SOURCE: http://www.transgenderzone.com/features/timeline.htm
__________________________________________________ ___________
Was something interseting that I stumbled upon while surfing the net.
~Kisses.
HTG
Bible and ancient times.
Galli (an ancient name for the eunuch in Asia Minor) were the followers of Cybele in Phrygia. It was believed that a 'madness' occurred when the waters of the river Gallus were drunk the result of which caused individuals to castrate themselves.
Galli was the Roman name for castrated followers of the Phrygian goddess Cybele, which can be regarded as transgendered in today's terms. The chief of these priests was referred to as the archigallus.
203 BC
The first Galli arrived in Rome when the Senate officially adopted Cybele as a state goddess in 203 BC. Until the first century AD, Roman citizens were prohibited from becoming Galli. Under Claudius, however, this ban was lifted.
204-222 The Roman Emperor Elagabalus.
1377
Bethlem was used for lunatics from 1377.
1421
The Chinese eunuch admiral Zheng Discovered America, Australia and navigates the rest of the World the map was obtained by the Portuguese from the Chinese!
1518
In 1518 King Henry 8th, on the advice of his court physician, founded the Royal College of Physicians (London) to control who practiced as a physician in London and so protect the public from quacks.
1547 3 January: A charter to the City of London made it
responsible for Bethlem.
1655
Meric Causaubon's Treatise concerning enthusiasme, as it is an effect of nature, but is mistaken for either divine inspiration or diabolical possession.
1666
2.9.1666 to 6.9.1666 Great Fire of London.
After the Great Fire, Robert Hooke was appointed city surveyor and designed the new Bethlem (Bethlehem Hospital) in Moorfields
1670 In England the earliest records of private madhouses on a regular basis are from 1670 onwards
1673
French explorers Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette come into contact with the Illini Indians in 1673, and are astonished to discover a subset of Illini men who dressed and acted out the social role of women. The Illini termed these men “Ikoneta” while the French referred to them as the “berdache.”
1750
Female to male transvestites join Nelson's Navy as did hundreds of others and were only discovered when they were flogged. They were never punished when they were discovered and often went on stage and became celebrities wowing audiences backed by an all singing and all dancing group of crossed dressed transvestite tars. Mary Lacy known as William Chandler who served on the Sandwich as a carpenter is one of the most famous as 'she' wrote a biography others include William Brown who served on the Queen Charlotte until being outed by a newspaper in 1815, and Alice Snell AKA James Gray served as a navy marine until 1750.
1774
The 1774 Madhouses Act established a commission of the Royal College of Physicians to license and visit private madhouses in the London area.
The commission could not release a patient improperly confined. This was the traditional role of the High Courts at Westminster, for whose benefit the registers were principally kept. The Westminster courts could also order special visits and reports, and examine those engaged in the execution of the Act.
1777
Beaumont (Eon of)
Éon de Beaumont, Charles-Geneviève-Louis-Auguste-André-Timothée
The most famous transvestite of the eighteenth century, French diplomat Chevalier Éon de Beaumont lived the first half of his life as a man and the second as a woman. Charles de Beaumont, Knight of Eon, 1728-1810. As a secret French agent, went to Russia one has secret mission for Louis XV, and was lady companion to the Empress Elisabeth. He fought in the Seven Years war, and was later secretary to the French ambassador to London. On his return to France (1777) Eon was ordered to dress
permanently as a woman, which He did until his death.
1828 The 1828 Madhouses Act established.
1832 The 1832 Madhouses Act established.
1840s
Asylum Care
In the hungry-forties of the 19th century it was believed that by moving mentally unstable people from a community disturbed by poverty, depravity and social unrest to a closed, humane, but disciplined environment in a lunatic asylum early in the development of their insanity they could be cured and the accumulation of chronic lunatics on poor relief halted.
1841
1841 February: The London Statistical Society announced that it intended to collect lunatic asylum statistics during the year 1842
The 1842 Licensed Lunatic Asylums Bill proposed a Barristers' Commission as it was thought that county licensing and visiting was defective, it was proposed that the two legal commissioners should visit and report on county houses supplementary to the county visitors. The House of Commons rejected this proposal and an amended bill became the Inquiry Act.
1845
The 1845 County Asylums Act compelled every county and borough in England and Wales to provide asylum treatment for all its pauper lunatics and Lord Ashley told Parliament that this would "effect a cure in seventy cases out of every hundred" (Hansard 6.6.1845 column 193).
The 1845 Lunacy Act established the Lunacy Commission:The Act named eleven Metropolitan Commissioners as Lunacy Commissioners. Six (three medical and three legal) were to be employed full time at salaries of 1,500 pounds a year. The Lunacy Commission had national authority, under the Lord Chancellor and Home Secretary, over all asylums (except Bedlam until 1853). It shared responsibility with the poor Law Commission/Board etc for pauper lunatics outside asylums. Its principle functions were to monitor the erection of a network of publicly owned county asylums, required under the 1845 County Asylums Act, and the transfer of all pauper lunatics from workhouses and outdoor relief to a public or private asylum; to regulate their treatment in private asylums, and (with the Poor Law Commission) monitor the treatment of any remaining in workhouses or on outdoor relief. The Lunacy Commission was also to monitor the regulation of county asylums and county licensed houses by JPs, and to regulate the conduct of hospitals for the insane. With the JPs it monitored the admission and discharge of patients from all types of asylum. It collected, collated and analysed data on the treatment of lunacy and advised on the development of lunacy law and policy. It also continued to license London's madhouses.
1871
1871 October: St Lawrence's opened as one of two 1,500 bed custodial asylums designed to relieve London's other asylums and workhouses of incurable lunatics at the least possible expense.
1879 An 'asylum for idiots' was established at Park House, Highgate which later became known as Earlswood Asylum.
1886 The Idiots Act 1886
1896 The National Association for the Care of the Feeble-Minded was founded.
By the end of the 19th century the failure of asylum therapy had convinced people that insanity is incurable. The insane were sent to even larger asylums for custody, to be protected from exploitation whilst society was protected from them.
During the Victorian period cross-dressing is featured in various publications and transvestites become affectionately known as 'tight-lacers'.
1897
Henry Havelock Ellis of the Fabian Society, a supporter of sexual liberation. His interests in human biology and his own personal experiences, led Havelock Ellis to write his six volume Studies in the Psychology of Sex. The books, published between 1897 and 1910 caused tremendous controversy and were banned for several years. Other books written by Havelock Ellis included The New Spirit (1890), Man and Woman (1894) Sexual Inversion (1897) and The Erotic Rights of Women (1918). Henry Havelock Ellis died in 1939. His autobiography, My Life was published posthumously in 1940.
1897
Magnus Hirschfeld starts the mostly homosexual Scientific Humanitarian Committee in Germany.
1899
In Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch Fur Studerende und Aertze, 6th edition, Emil Kraeplin, a Munich professor of psychiatry classifies major psychoses into two groups: dementia praecox (paranoia) and manic-depressive psychosis.
1900
Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams revolutionizes psychiatric theory and practice. He is the first to use the unconscious to treat psychiatric illness in patients by using 'psychoanalysis' - free association and interpretation of dreams.
1900-1905
Turn of the Century Film Makers Mitchell and Kenyon record a cross-dressing Carnival in Crewe (Nr. Liverpool) in the North of England.
1905
Sigmund Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality describes the stages of sexual development and explains the effects of infantile sexuality on sexual dysfunction.
1907 Magnus Hirschfeld is introduced to Harry Benjamin.
1908
Clifford Beers publishes A Mind That Found Itself, detailing his experiences as a patient in psychiatric hospitals. This work prompts the founding of the mental hygiene movement in the United States.
1913
The 1913 Mental Deficiency Act established The Board of Control. This was the old Lunacy Commission with extended functions with respect to mental deficiency. The Board of Control continued to regulate the mental health system until 1959, but with reduced responsibilities after the National Health Service Act.
Four "classes" of Mental Deficiency were defined:
a. Idiot ~ unable to protect themselves from common dangers.
b. Imbecile ~ could protect themselves from common dangers, but unable to take care of themselves.
c. Feeble-Minded ~ required care to protect themselves.
d. Moral Defectives ~ criminal or vicious personalities. Unmarried Mothers, homosexuals and transgender people also became absorbed into this category!
The Board of Control was established who took on the powers and responsibilities of the Lunacy Commissioners.
1914
First World War (1914-1918)
Transvestites were being regularly shot charged as spies or cowards.
1917 The Austrian psychiatrist Julius von Wagner-Jauregg becomes the first psychiatrist to win the Nobel prize (1927).
Alfred Adler establishes the school of individual psychology and becomes the first psychoanalyst to challenge Freud. He coins the terms 'lifestyle' and 'inferiority complex' in his book, Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensations.
1919
Magnus Hirschfeld , becomes one of sexology's founding fathers when he opened the world's first sexological institute, the Institute for Sexual Science in Berlin - which is later closed by the Nazis.
1920
The Menninger Clinic (for mental health patients) is founded in Topeka, Kansas. (Named after William Menninger who pioneered effective treatments for psychiatric casualties in World War II, and Karl Menninger who applied psychoanalytic concepts to American psychiatry.)
Homosexuality and Its Treatment the story of “H”, Dr. Alan Hart’s 1917 Transman is published by Jonathan Gilbert.
1920s
In the period between the two world wars, Freudian theory shed a faint glow of hope on the outskirts of the custodial asylum.
From shortly after the first world war moves were made:away from in-patient treatment towards outpatient treatment, towards treatment without certification towards treatment near to patients' homes.
But these moves only touched the edge of the mental health system.
1927
The Mental Deficiency Act 1927
Local Authorities were given responsibility for providing occupation and training for those with Mental Deficiency.
Mental Deficiency was defined as "a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind existing before the age of 18 years whether arising from 'inherent causes' or induced by disease or injury."
1930
Encyclopeadia of Sexual Knowledge by Norman Haire (1930) Published, addresses transvestism in detail.
It also illustrates the First 'Sex-change' procedures.
1932 Magnus Hirschfeld lectures in the United States.
1932 Man Into Woman, the story of Lili Elbe’s life, MTF transition, and Sex Reassignment Surgery is published.
1933
The Second World War (1939-1945)
Eugenics
Nazis abuse, murder and sterilise transgender people. The Institute for Sexology is raided, shut down, and its records destroyed by the Nazis in 1933 . Physicians and researchers involved in the clinic flee Germany. Some, unable to escape, commit suicide in the coming years.
1935 Magnus Hirschfeld dies in exile in France after The Institute for Sexual Science was destroyed by Nazis in 1933.
Aversion Therapy is first used to eliminate homosexuality and later is used on transgender people.
1937
Karen Horney, a German-born psychiatrist challenges Freud's theory of the castration complex in women and his theory that Oedipal complex and female sexuality influences neurosis. In The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, she argues that neurosis largely is determined by the society in which one lives.
1938
Electroshock is first used by Ugo Cerletti to produce convulsions that he thought would alleviate schizophrenic and manic-depressive psychosis; it was later found to be more effective in the latter illness and is still in use today. Commonly used on transgender people!
1939
World War II begins and Hitler decrees that patients with incurable medical illnesses be killed because they are 'biologically unfit.' Approximately 270,000 patients with mental illness are killed by physicians and medical personnel complying with the Nazi doctrine of racial purity.
1941 Premarin, conjugated estrogens is extracted from pregnant mares is sold in Canada. Followed by the US.
1945
In 1945, Sir Harold Gillies and his colleague Ralph Millard carry out the world's first sex change of a woman into a man on the young aristocrat, Michael Dillon. Sir Harold Gillies, internationally renowned as the father of modern plastic surgery, played a pioneering wartime role in Britain developing pedicle flap surgery. Gillies later performed surgery on the United Kingdom's first male-to-female transsexual - Roberta Cowell.
1946
Congress passes the National Mental Health Act which, for the first time in US history, provides generous funding for psychiatric education and research. This act leads to the creation in 1949 of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
Also in 1946, Anna Freud, the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud, publishes The Psychoanalytic Treatment of Children, which introduces basic concepts in the theory and practice of child psychoanalysis.
*The therapeutic asylums planned in the 1840s failed monumentally, the monuments being a network of large asylums full of long-stay patients with little or no hope of rehabilitation. In post war Britain the National Health Service inherited these asylum which still stood in open countryside outside the towns, or had been engrossed by the expanding suburbs. Transgender people were considered insane and housed in them.
The 1946 National Health Service Act stripped the Board of Control of nearly all its functions except those of providing an inspectorate of mental hospitals (particularly with respect to compulsory detention).
1947 25 November: Foundation of National Association for Mental Health.
1948 National Health Service Act came into operation.
The National Health Service took over from county councils and boroughs the major responsibility for mental health. The reforms of the 1920s and 1930s had only touched the edge of the mental health system. The main inheritance of the NHS was a system of over 100 asylums, or "mental hospitals", with an average population of over 1,000 patients in each.
The integration of the mental hospitals into the NHS was possibly the most decisive factor leading to a general move away from institutional policies in the 1950s. See 1959.
1949 Harry Benjamin treat transsexuals in the US with hormones.
1950
In Childhood and Society, Erik Erikson restates Freud's concepts of infantile sexuality and develops the concepts of 'adult identity,' and 'identity crisis.'
1951 May 15th, Robert Cowell became Roberta Cowell the United Kingdom's first full surgically altered transsexual.
1952 Christine Jorgensen becomes an American transsexual media sensation.
The French psychiatrists Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker report that chlorpromazine (Thorazine ®) calms hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients without causing clinically significant depression. The drug is called 'hibernotherapie' because patients became quiet, like animals in hibernation.
1953 "Mental Millions"
BF Skinner publishes Science and Human Behavior, describing his theory of operant conditioning, an important concept in the development of behavior therapy.
1954
Royal Commission on the Mental Health Laws (1954 to 1957 ), under Lord Percy, appointed.
Peak of numbers resident (falling since)
1957
The first effective pharmacologic treatment for depression is reported with the work of Kuhn on the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine and of Loomer, Saunders and Kline on the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor iproniazid.
May 1957: Royal Commission on the Mental Health Laws reported. The key themes of the Percy Report were:
That 'mental disorder' should be regarded "in much the same way as physical illness and disability" (paragraph 5)
That hospitals for mental illness should be run as nearly as possible like those for physical disorders. See 1959.
1959
By 1959 only 12% of admissions to mental illness hospitals were compulsory, and the trend was towards shorter periods of in-patient treatment and towards outpatient treatment. Whilst in 1930 there had been practically no outpatients, by 1959 there were 144,000 attendances at outpatient clinics. ( Maclay, W.S. 1961, p.98)
The 1959 Mental Health Act.
Two years after the Percy Report, the 1959 Mental health Act sought to create a legal framework within which the hospital treatment of mental disorder could approximate as closely as possible to that of physical illness.
Its two main objectives were:
To allow admissions for psychiatric reasons to be, wherever possible, as informal as those for physical reasons.
To make councils responsible for the social care of people who did not need in-patient medical treatment.
The 1959 Mental Health Act abolished the Board of Control.
1960'S
In the 1960s despite the hostility to cross dressing within mental health services, every week in the UK's booming holiday camps topsy turvy nights encouraged men and women to dress in each others clothes at least once during their stay.
1960
Scientists at the American pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-LaRoche develop the benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide (Librium ®) (1960) and diazepam (Valium ®) (1963), which becomes widely prescribed for patients with nonpsychotic anxiety.
Also in 1963, Action for Mental Health recommends that the care of the mentally ill be moved from large mental hospitals to community mental health clinics. That same year, 'deinstitutionalization' is mandated by the Community Mental Health Centers Act.
March 1961: Enoch Powell's Water Tower Speech:
The full scope of the community care policy for the mentally ill adopted in the 1960s was revealed in 1966 when the Minister of Health, Enoch Powell, opened a conference of the National Association for Mental Health with a speech on how his forthcoming Hospital Plan would affect psychiatric services.
The Percy Report contrasted community care with hospital care. Phrases like in the community have generally been used to mean outside hospital. However, from the Water Tower speech until the 1980s, community care policy was to have as its central feature, the transfer of hospital treatment from isolated mental hospitals to local hospitals. The two main features of the policy were:
That hospital treatment should be in Psychiatric Units in District General Hospitals.
That as much care and treatment as possible should be provided outside hospital.
1962 Michael Dillon dies (1915-1962).
The Hospital Plan.
1966 Beaumont Society Founded.[/b]
1966 Harry Benjamin publishes The Transsexual Phenomenon..
1968 The International Olympic Committee tests chromosomes of athletes, and puts a stop to transsexuals competing.
Universities operate on non-intersexed transsexuals.
1969 Stonewall riots.
The UK Hospital Scandals (1967-1969).
November 1969 Establishment of 'Hospital Advisory Service'.
1970
February, 1970. Corbett v. Corbett (otherwise Ashley). The judgment by Justice Ormrod sets the precedent that will leave UK post-op transsexual people unable to marry until the 21st Century - In September 1963 the parties went through a ceremony of marriage. April Corbett's (neéAshley) marriage is annulled and declared to be legally still a man despite sex reassignment.
The Food and Drug Administration approves lithium to treat patients with manic-depressive illness. The Australian psychiatrist John Cade had shown 20 years earlier (1949) that lithium quieted manic patients, and Mogens Schou in Denmark had confirmed Cade's findings in a double-blind study in 1954.
1970
William Masters and Virginia Johnson's work revolutionizes knowledge and attitudes about sex. They revise Freud's theories of orgasm, report on sexual relationships in geriatrics, and find counseling helps most people with sexual dysfunctions. Sex therapy as a psychiatric specialty follows.
1971
December: Hospital Services for the Mentally Ill.
This stated that the development of psychiatric methods, and increase in psychiatric units, had brought things to a point where it was thought possible: "to accelerate developments ... towards the eventual replacement of the large separate mental hospitals by a service based on general hospitals".
1972 October: Services for Mental Illness Related to Old Age
Patients begin to challenge.
SUMP (Scottish Union of Mental Patients) formed by Tommy Ritchie and Robin Farqhuarson. This was the first union of psychiatric patients in the United Kingdom that I know of.
December: A group of people in the London area produced a pamphlet on The Need for a Mental Patient's Union arguing that "psychiatry is one of the most subtle methods of repression in advanced Capitalist society". This was circulated to psychiatric hospitals and various places where ex-patients were likely to congregate, together with notices of a meeting to be held during March 1973 to discuss the formation of a union.
1973 Political pressure from the National Gay Task Force, the American Psychiatric Association changes the diagnosis of homosexuality from a disease to a 'condition'.
The NHS cuts
Wednesday 21.3.1973
150 people attended a meeting at Paddington Day Hospital to discuss forming a Mental Patient's Union (MPU). Over 100 were patients or ex-patients, some coming from as far afield as Scotland. A working party of some two dozen full members was formed and not long after set up office in a London squat. This nucleus was given the task of producing a statement of the union's intent and drafting a proposed organisational framework for MPU.
1974 February: Labour Government.
Jan Morris publishes Conundrum.
1976 Tennis Ace Reneé Richards is ‘outed’ and barred from competition when she attempts to enter a women's’ tennis tournament. Her subsequent legal battle establishes that transsexuals are legally, accepted in their new identity after reassignment, in the US.
1979 Thatcher Government.
1979
A series of programs entitled 'A Change of Sex' are aired on the BBC - viewers could for the first time follow pre-op transsexual Julia Grant through her transition. It also highlighted the arrogance at that time of psychiatrists based at the Gender Identity Clinic, Charing Cross Hospital, London.
July: NHS Commission on the National Health Service report.
December: Patients first.
1980 October: MIND Conference.
Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association to promote standards of care founded.
1981 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV virus begins.
1987 Harry Benjamin dies (1885-1987)
1987
The serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine (Prozac ®), paroxetine (Paxil ®), and sertraline (Zoloft ®) are developed by several American pharmaceutical companies to treat patients with depression.
1989 Christine Jorgensen dies (1927 – 1989).
1990 The NHS and Community Care Act 1990.
1991
Transvestite comedian Eddie Izzard receives a nomination for the Prestigious Perrier Comedy Award at the Edinburgh Festival.
Gender Trust is Founded.
1992 Press For Change is founded on the 27th February in a London Coffee House.
1996 Shemale Yum.com is the first website to shoot transsexuals specifically for release on the internet. Consequently became the largest TS site online and give birth to sister sites. Many current TS porn stars had first break on Shemale Yum and many sites tried to emulate. Give encouragement to 100's of TG's to come out of the closet.
1998
Julie Hesmondhalgh Joins the Coronation St (Britain's longest running television soap) as transsexual character Hayley Patterson. Transgender Zone were the First to run her interview in the TG press!
Dana International becomes the first transsexual woman to win the Eurovision Song Contest singing a song called 'Diva'.
1998 Seanchai was first weeble to go to Thailand to shoot Asian ladyboys for the internet. The information given gave many men inspiration to meet ladyboys and consequently many Asians came back to Europe. Spawned a plethora of other websites althought obviously none meet the qualities or size of the original ladyboy-ladyboy.com
1999
1999 Black-Tgirls.com first website to feature only black transsexuals and ensured many black shemales across the US got showcased.
1999 - first website to shoot Brazilian-Transsexuals specifically for the internet adding to Joey Silvera's video legacy. Brazilian-Transsexuals.com still the first place men go to for the hottest Brazilian shemales and information where to meet them.
Brain material provided by the Netherlands Brain Bank demonstrates transsexualism is a medical condition and not a 'state-of-mind'. The present findings of somatostatin neuronal sex differences in the BSTc and its sex reversal in the transsexual brain clearly support the paradigm that in transsexuals sexual differentiation of the brain and genitals may go into opposite directions and point to a neurobiological basis of gender identity disorder.
Texas, USA - Littleton vs. Prang, Christine Littleton, a post-op MTF transsexual loses her negligence case against the doctor who allowed her husband to die, defence lawyers argue that she was never married to her late husband since her Texas birth certificate, though now amended to read female, originally read male. Post-Op US transsexual legal status is a legal limbo.
The UK Sex Discrimination Act is amended to include protections on the basis of Gender Reassignment. Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999.
http://www.hmso.gov.uk/ Statutory Instrument 1999 No. 1102
2002
In a judgment delivered at Strasbourg on 11 July 2002 in the case of Christine Goodwin v. the United Kingdom (application no. 28957/95), the European Court of Human Rights held unanimously that:
there had been a violation of Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life) of the European Convention on Human Rights; there had been a violation of Article 12 (right to marry and to found a family); no separate issue had arisen under Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination);
there had been no violation of Article 13 (right to an effective remedy).
The Court held, unanimously, that the finding of violation constituted in itself sufficient just satisfaction for the non-pecuniary damage sustained by the applicant and awarded the applicant 39,000 euros for costs and expenses.
This led the way for the later Gender Recognition Act Act to become UK law.
The Full Legal Judgement is available here: http://www.echr.coe.int/
2003
The Draft [Gender Recognition] Bill is the Government's response to decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the House of Lords holding that aspects of English legislation violate rights under ECHR Article 8 (respect for private life) and Article 12 (right to marry) so far as it refuses to give legal recognition to a transsexual person's reassigned gender.
On Dec 7th 2003 British transvestite potter Grayson Perry, 43 scooped the controversial Turner prize, and collected £20,000 at a ceremony at Tate Britain in London, dressed as alter ego Claire.
2004
The United Kingdom Gender Recognition Act becomes law on the 10th February. Offering transgender people full legal recognition of change of gender.
LAUSANNE, Switzerland - Transsexuals will be able to compete at the Athens Olympics if they have had appropriate surgery and are legally recognized as members of their new sex the International Olympic Committee decides.
On Friday the 6th August Portuguese post-operative transsexual Nadia Almada aged 27 of Surrey won the United Kingdom reality Game show Big Brother 5 and took away prize money of £63,500 pounds and the hearts of the nation.
2005
September 6 - 2005 Mercury Music Prize New York-based but English born frontman Antony Hegarty was declared winner at the ceremony at the Grosvenor House Hotel in London with their album 'I am a Bird now'."To what degree does Antony himself feel female, or at least latently, potentially so? "Do I feel female? Y'know, I feel like a mixture. I feel pretty mixed. I probably would identify as transgender." (Quote from NME).
SOURCE: http://www.transgenderzone.com/features/timeline.htm
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Was something interseting that I stumbled upon while surfing the net.
~Kisses.
HTG